Did you know there are many different types of solar panels in India? Monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film solar panels are the three main types, but the list goes on. While one might be more energy-efficient, another might be budget-friendly. It’s great to have options, but how do you choose the best types of solar panels remains a looming question.

India is all set for the green energy revolution; we’ve already established ourselves as the global leader by surpassing 100 GW of installed solar capacity. And if you’re thinking this is all because of commercial solar panels, think again—PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana 2024 has already crossed 9 lakh rooftop solar installations.  As more and more people move towards solar energy, the shift to solar panels becomes inevitable. From helping save money to being environment-friendly, solar panels are the next big thing for the nation’s green movement.

Now that you’re all set to bring home a solar setup, it might be a good idea to understand the different types of solar panels in India. Whether you’re looking for a long-term option that can brave the weathers, or a more versatile solar panel, here is everything you need to know.

For years, there have been 3 main types of solar panels in India:

1. Monocrystalline solar panels

If you’re looking for the most-efficient solar panel on the market, monocrystalline solar panels are the one for you. Also known as single-crystal panels, they are manufactured from single pure silicon crystal using the Czochralski method. First invented in a Eureka moment in 1916, monocrystalline silicon production gives these panels a sleek, black appearance.

While monocrystalline panels might be more expensive compared to the other types of solar panels, solar panel manufacturers in India pride them on having greater resistance to environmental disturbances.

Efficiency — 20-25%
Lifespan —30-40 years
Material — Monocrystalline silicon

Best fit for—Residences, commercial properties, streets, parks, etc.

Advantages
Most efficient solar panels
Greater resistance to high temperature, especially compared to polycrystalline panels
Durable
Aesthetic appeal—the sleek appearance makes them a good fit for your residence

What to consider
While monocrystalline panels form the most efficient solar panel model, they can prove to be more expensive.
Also, their manufacturing processes can entail wastage of silicon.

2. Polycrystalline solar panels

Spotted a blue-speckled panel on your neighbor’s rooftop? You probably saw a polycrystalline solar panel. Unlike monocrystalline solar panels, polycrystalline panels are manufactured from silicon fragments rather than pure crystals. The simpler manufacturing process makes them more affordable. A go-to choice for pocket-conscious buyers, polycrystalline solar panels are becoming more popular these days.

A lot of solar panel manufacturers in India are turning away from the polycrystalline type of solar panel because of their mid-range efficiency and lower heat-resistance. Regardless, if you’re looking for a short-term fix for your property, they are a great consideration.

Efficiency — 14-18%
Lifespan — 20-25 years
Material — Silicon fragments

Best fit for— Solar farms, self-powered devices like traffic lights, off-grid households, etc.

Advantages
Affordable solar panels
Eco-friendlier modes of manufacturing
Reduced wastage in production
Reliable and solid performance

What to consider
They are not highly efficient, so might not be ideal for setups that require large amounts of energy
May require more space to produce the same output as monocrystalline panels
Lower return on investment

3. Thin-film solar panels

Imagine your solar panel being wrapped around a cylindrical structure on your roof! That is exactly what thin-film solar panels do. Almost 350 times thinner than conventional monocrystalline panels, this type of solar panel is flexible, lightweight, and a boon for the modern consumer.

Manufactured from a variety of materials, thin-film solar panels are the easiest to produce. Solar manufacturers in India produce these panels by stacking films of photovoltaic materials like silicon, cadmium, and copper. Not only are thin-film panels cheaper, they also present the user with alternative applications because of their malleable nature. These panels were first used by NASA in 1961, and have since been used in space too.

But all the benefits of thin-film solar panels can be offset by the fact that solar energy companies in India do not offer great warranties on them. Because they take up a lot of space, they are often redundant for residential use too.

Efficiency — 11-12%
Lifespan — 10-20 years
Material — Thin-film solar panels can be of the following types basis their composition:

Cadmium Telluride (CdTe)—While Cadmium Telluride solar panels offer a low-cost advantage, they can be difficult to recycle because of the toxic nature of Cadmium. With low-production costs, these panels offer quick payback time (often about a year).
These panels generally feature a glass layer on top for added protection.

Amorphous Silicon (a-Si)—These panels are manufactures using non-crystalline silicon layers placed on top of glass, plastic, or metal. While they have low production costs, they are not a widely used residential option because of their minimal efficiency.

Copper Indium Gallium Selenide (CIGS)—A CIGS solar panel is manufactured by layering Copper, Indium, Gallium, and Selenide on glass, plastic, nylon, or aluminum backing. The semiconductor panels feature electrode on the front and back to capture electric currents. CIGS panels are the most efficient type of panel among the thin-film variants.

Best fit for—Portable devices like camping equipment, rental properties, vehicles, industrial spaces, etc.

Advantages
Flexible
Lightweight
Faster payback because of low costs
Cheapest solar panels
Easiest manufacturing
Ideal for places with a lot of space
Adaptable for specialized applications

What to consider
Of all the different types of solar panels, thin-films have the shortest lifespan
They also have short warranties
Lower efficiency compared to silicon crystalline panels might make them an unsuitable solar panel for home

While these 3 main types of solar panels pervade the market, advancements in technology have given rise to a vast number of different types of solar panels suitable for different functions:

4. Bifacial solar panels

As opposed to conventional solar modules that are installed in a monofacial manner, bifacial modules produce energy from both sides of the panel. As the name suggests, bifacial panels are installed in such a way that both the front and the back of the panel are exposed to sunlight. Generally installed at a tilt on a highly reflective surface, these panels can sometimes lead to up to 30% increase in energy production.

5. PERC solar panels

PERC or Passive Emitted and Rear Cell solar panels are generally more efficient than traditional solar panels because of the additional layering on the back side of the panel. PERC technology is being combined with monocrystalline panels by solar manufacturers in India to produce the most efficient types of solar panel. The passivated cell layer in Mono-PERC solar panels ensures that maximum energy is absorbed by each unit.

6. Biohybrid solar panels

Unlike other panels that are being offered by solar manufacturers in India, biohybrid solar cells have not made it to the market. Discovered by a team of experts at Vanderbilt University, the principle involved in the working of these cells is photosynthesis. Through meticulous research, the team wants to mimic the natural process of photosynthesis. While a range of different substrates have been used, nanostructured TiO₂ has proven the most successful. Biohybrid solar panels are still in its experimental phase, and that is why they are not commercially available yet.

7. Concentrated PV cell panels (CVP and HCVP)

Introduced in 1970s, concentrated PV cell panels work just the way conventional solar panels do. But what differentiates them from other PV cell panels is that they feature a large assembly of concave mirrors and convex lenses to concentrate sun’s energy at one point. By doing so, CPVs can prove almost 38% effective—a figure that far exceeds that of its counterparts. Thus, concentrated PV cell panels are the most efficient type of solar panels available for use.

The costs of monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin-film panels in India are as follows:

Monocrystalline solar panels
Monocrystalline panels are still considered the most efficient and durable, though they come at a higher price. In India, the cost typically ranges between ₹35 to ₹45 per watt. These panels offer an efficiency rate of around 18-22%, making them ideal for both residential and commercial installations where space is limited but high performance is needed. Despite the higher upfront cost, the long-term savings on energy bills make them a popular choice.

Polycrystalline solar panels
Polycrystalline panels are less expensive than monocrystalline panels and have an efficiency rate of around 15-18%. In India, the cost of polycrystalline solar panels ranges from ₹30 to ₹40 per watt. While they are a bit less efficient, they still provide a good balance between cost and performance, making them a popular choice for residential solar installations in larger spaces where maximizing energy output is not as critical.

Thin-film solar panels:
Thin-film panels are the least efficient, with efficiency levels around 10-12%. However, they are also the most affordable option, priced between ₹20 to ₹30 per watt in India. While they are less efficient and require more space for the same energy output, their lower cost makes them suitable for large installations, especially for commercial or industrial projects where space is not a constraint.

Choosing the best solar panel depends on several factors, such as budget, energy needs, available space, and efficiency requirements. Here’s a quick breakdown to help you decide which type of solar panel suits you best:

- For those with limited space:
If you're looking to maximize the energy output on a small roof or limited space, monocrystalline panels are the best option due to their high efficiency. These panels generate more electricity per square meter, making them ideal for residential homes with limited roof space.

- For budget-conscious buyers:
If your budget is a bit tighter, polycrystalline panels may be the best choice. While they are less efficient than monocrystalline panels, they are still a solid choice for most homes and businesses. Their lower cost makes them ideal for those looking to minimize their initial investment.

Wondering what your ideal solar setup would cost? Calculate your solar costopens in a new tab here.

- For large-scale installations:
For commercial properties or larger installations where space is not a major concern, thin-film solar panels could be a good option. They may require more space to generate the same amount of electricity, but they are affordable, flexible, and can be applied to unconventional surfaces.

Ultimately, the choice of solar panel also depends on the location. For regions with abundant sunlight, polycrystalline panels may suffice, whereas areas with less sunlight will benefit from the higher efficiency of monocrystalline panels. 

Solar panels have undergone significant technological advancements since their inception. Over the years, solar panel efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and environmental impact have steadily improved, thanks to the development of new materials, manufacturing processes, and designs. The evolution of solar panels can be divided into three main generations: First-generation, second-generation, and third-generation panels. Each generation represents a distinct leap forward in the quest to harness the sun’s energy more efficiently.

First-generation solar panels

The first-generation solar panels are primarily made from crystalline silicon, the most commonly used material in the solar industry. These panels are classified into two types: monocrystalline and polycrystalline.

First-generation solar panels were the pioneers of modern photovoltaic technology. They are known for their relatively high efficiency, typically between 15% to 20%, and their durability. These panels have a long lifespan, often exceeding 25 years. However, they are not without drawbacks. They require a significant amount of material, making them more expensive and less environmentally friendly to produce compared to later generations.

Second-generation solar panels

Second-generation solar panels are built using thin-film technology, which involves layering photovoltaic material onto a substrate such as glass, metal, or plastic. These panels are thinner, lighter, and more flexible than first-generation silicon-based panels.

Thin-film panels have the advantage of being less expensive to produce, due to the lower material usage and simpler manufacturing processes. They are also more versatile and can be integrated into various surfaces, such as windows or building facades. However, thin-film panels generally have lower efficiency, ranging from 10% to 15%, and are less durable than their crystalline counterparts. Despite these limitations, thin-film technology holds promise for cost-effective and large-scale solar energy applications.

Third-generation solar panels

Third-generation solar panels represent the cutting edge of solar technology. These panels are still in the research and development phase, but they promise significant advancements in efficiency, cost, and sustainability. This generation includes technologies like organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and biohybrid solar cells.

Organic photovoltaics use carbon-based materials to convert sunlight into electricity. They are lightweight, flexible, and potentially much cheaper to produce than silicon-based panels. Perovskite solar cells have gained significant attention due to their high efficiency, ease of manufacturing, and ability to be fabricated on flexible materials. Quantum dot solar cells, while still experimental, promise to increase energy conversion efficiency through the use of nanomaterials.

These next-generation technologies aim to revolutionize the solar energy landscape by offering higher efficiencies, lower costs, and potentially a smaller environmental footprint. However, many of these technologies face challenges in terms of stability, scalability, and material toxicity, which researchers continue to address.

When it comes to reliable solar panel installations, Tata Power is one of the leading solar panel manufacturers in India that stands out for its comprehensive solutions. Here’s what makes Tata Power solar a great choice:

• Diverse solutions
Tata Power offers a wide array of solar solutions, specifically designed to meet the needs of both residential and commercial customers. Whether you need a small system for your home or a large-scale solution for your business, Tata Power has the expertise to deliver personalized, scalable solutions that work.

• Easy financing options
One of the biggest concerns when installing solar panels is the initial investment. Tata Power offers easy financing options, partnering with over 20 PSUs and banks, to ensure you get access to the best possible financing solutions for your solar system. These partnerships allow you to take advantage of competitive interest rates and flexible repayment terms.

• Save on your bills
Switching to solar energy means you can significantly reduce your electricity bills. Tata Power guarantees substantial savings for its customers. MSMEs can save more than ₹2 crore over the lifetime of their system, while residential customers can save upwards of ₹10 lakh on their energy costs.

• Build a timeless connection
Tata Power’s solar systems come with a 25+ years lifetime guarantee, ensuring you get long-term, uninterrupted, and sustainable energy. This long-term solution allows you to enjoy consistent savings while reducing your carbon footprint.

• Get lightning-fast returns
With Tata Power, you can expect an average payback period of just 4-5 years on your solar panel system. This means that you will start seeing a return on your investment quickly, and after the payback period, your energy production will continue to generate free power for years to come.

Whether you're managing a small residential home or a large commercial property, Tata Power can design and install the right solar energy system to meet your specific energy needs. Their expertise ensures your solar panel system delivers the highest performance and efficiency.

Call Tata Power today!

While understanding the types of solar panels and their advantages is crucial, several other factors can influence your choice:

1. Solar panel efficiency
Efficiency refers to the amount of sunlight that a panel can convert into usable electricity. Higher efficiency means more power output for the same area. Monocrystalline solar panels typically have the highest efficiency, followed by polycrystalline panels and then thin-film panels.

2. Cost per watt
While initial costs are important, it’s also essential to evaluate the cost per watt, as this can give you an idea of the long-term value of your investment. Generally, monocrystalline solar panels will have a higher cost per watt, but they provide more energy in the long run.

3. Warranty and longevity
A high-quality solar panel should last for 25 years or more. Make sure to check the warranty offered by manufacturers and ensure that it covers both the performance and product of the panel.

4. Brand reputation
Choosing a reputable manufacturer ensures the quality of the product. Solar panel manufacturers in India like Tata Power offer reliable solutions backed by extensive support and a strong track record in the industry.

Choosing the right solar panel is a critical decision for both homeowners and businesses looking to transition to solar energy. By considering the types of solar panels, their efficiency, cost, and other factors, you can make an informed decision that suits your energy needs and budget. Solar panels for home offer significant savings on electricity bills and reduce carbon footprints, while solar panel manufacturers in India like Tata Power offer reliable solutions tailored to individual requirements.