What is nuclear energy? The atomic force fueling our world

Learn what nuclear energy is, how atomic splitting generates clean energy in huge quantities, and why this high-yield source is vital for today's energy needs.

What is nuclear energy? The atomic force fueling our world

Learn what nuclear energy is, how atomic splitting generates clean energy in huge quantities, and why this high-yield source is vital for today's energy needs.

Introduction

In 2025, nuclear energy generates around 10% of the world's electricity, powering everything from bustling cities in France to homes across India. So, what is nuclear energy, and why is it making waves? At its simplest, Nuclear Energy is the energy in the core of an atom and is responsible for binding atom’s nucleus. Just imagine: a tiny uranium pellet, small enough to balance on your fingertip, packs enough punch to replace a mountain of coal. That concentrated energy in its purest, cleanest form makes nuclear energy a compact, potent, and reliable non-fossil fuel-based powerhouse 

But nuclear energy isn't just another source of electricity. It is shaping the future, from innovative reactors that could change how we think about energy to countries’ bold plans to go nuclear in a big way. Curious? Read on to uncover the atom’s transformative potential and see why nuclear energy could redefine how we power our world.

What is nuclear energy?

Nuclear energy is stored in an atom’s nucleus, released when heavy nuclei split in fission or when light nuclei merge in fusion. When a heavy nucleus such as uranium-235 splits or light nuclei such as isotopes of hydrogen fuse, a tiny amount of mass converts to a large amount of energy according to Einstein’s formula E=mc². In nuclear power plants, this released energy heats water into steam, driving turbines that generate electricity. Specialized reactors contain these reactions and safely capture the heat for power generation. Since fission reactions do not involve combustion, operating reactors emit no carbon dioxide, making nuclear power a major low-carbon source even though it relies on finite, mined fuels.

How is nuclear energy generated?

Nuclear energy is generated when modern nuclear power plants harness fission heat to generate electricity through a closed steam cycle. Nuclear power plants operate much like coal or gas stations, but instead of burning fuel, they harness the heat released by splitting atoms. Inside the reactor core, uranium-235 fuel rods capture neutrons and undergo fission, releasing heat and extra neutrons that sustain the chain reaction. Control rods slide in and out to slow or accelerate the reaction, while coolant such as water carries the heat to steam generators where it produces high-pressure steam. That steam spins turbines connected to generators, producing electricity for the grid. 

 

Thick containment buildings, redundant cooling systems and passive safety systems keep radioactive materials sealed inside. Because uranium provides immense energy density, reactors run continuously at over 90 percent of capacity for 12 to 24 months between refueling, delivering steady baseload power that complements variable renewables. Online refueling is also possible through Fueling machine.

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Nuclear energy is a major low-carbon source

What are the different types of nuclear reactors?

Nuclear reactors are categorized by their underlying nuclear reaction, the coolant they employ, and their design development maturity (Generation type).

1) Type of Nuclear Reactor Based on Nuclear Reaction:

Fission – All commercial power nuclear reactors are Fission reactors. Fuel used as Uranium or Plutonium. Thorium Cycle is also possible. These can be further sub-divided as Thermal Neutron Reactors and Fast Neutron Reactors

Fusion - Fusion power produced by nuclear fusion of elements such as the deuterium isotope of hydrogen which is still in experimental stages.

2) Type of Nuclear Reactor Based on Type of Coolant

 - Water Cooled Reactors:

     - Light water-cooled Reactors - used in Western Countries e.g. Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR), Boiling Water Reactors (BWR) and Supercritical Water Reactor

     - Heavy water-cooled Reactors - used in India, Argentina, China, South Korea e.g. Pressurised Heavy Water Reactor

 - Liquid Metal Cooled Reactors

 - Gas Cooled Reactors

 - Molten Salt Reactors

3) Type of Nuclear Reactor Based on design upgradation (Generation type)

 - Generation I - early prototypes design

 - Generation II - most current nuclear power plants, 1965–1996)

 - Generation III - evolutionary improvements of existing designs, 1996–2016

 - Generation III+ - evolutionary development of Gen III reactors, offering improvements in safety over Gen III reactor designs, 2017–2021

 - Generation IV - technologies still under development; start possibly by 2030.

Some of the major reactors deployed across the globe is detailed out in the below part.

Pressurized water reactors (PWRs)

Pressurized Water Reactors keep water under high pressure, so it does not boil. That hot water flows through pipes to a steam generator, where it heats a separate water loop to make steam for turbines. Inside the reactor vessel, fuel rods hold uranium-235. Control rods move between the fuel rods to control how fast the atoms split and how much power is generated. The primary hot water stays inside its loop, so most radioactivity stays in the reactor. About 70 percent of reactors around the world are PWRs because they use well‐tested technology and run reliably.

Boiling water reactors (BWRs)

Boiling Water Reactors turn water into steam right inside the big reactor tank, so they do not need extra steam generators. Demineralized water flows through the fuel rods and gets hot until it becomes a mix of water and steam. This mix goes to a separator that takes out water droplets, leaving only dry steam to spin the turbine. Control rods move upward from the bottom of the vessel into the core to adjust how quickly atoms split and how much power is produced. Their simple design means fewer pipes, but the turbine must use steam that is a little bit radioactive.

Pressurized heavy water reactors (PHWRs)

Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors use heavy water (D₂O) instead of normal water as both moderator and coolant. This lets them run on natural uranium without enriching it first. The neutron economy provided by heavy water's minimal neutron absorption enables a sustained fission reaction, even with natural uranium. Canada’s CANDU reactors and India’s PHWRs have high uptime due to online fueling capability in the design and can also use recycled fuel. Since they need only unprocessed uranium, PHWRs make good use of domestic uranium deposits.

High-temperature gas-cooled reactors (HTGRs)

High-temperature gas-cooled reactors circulate helium gas through a core moderated by graphite at about 700 °C to over 900 °C. Their fuel uses TRISO-coated particles - tiny kernels wrapped in several ceramic layers, packed into graphite pebbles or prismatic blocks. High outlet temperatures boost thermal efficiency to nearly 45 percent and enable industrial uses like hydrogen production or processing heat. Helium is chemically inert and never becomes radioactive. Passive systems rely on natural convection to remove decay heat, so even without active power, the reactor can cool itself safely.

Sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs)

Sodium-cooled fast reactors do not use a moderator. They rely on fast neutrons to split atoms. Liquid sodium flows through the core at about 500 °C under near-atmospheric pressure to carry away heat. Because sodium is an excellent heat conductor, these reactors run efficiently and support high power density. Fast neutrons can split uranium-238 and plutonium-239, allowing SFRs to set up for breeding to create more fuel than they use. This lets them consume old plutonium from used fuel or run on mixed-oxide fuel, helping to close the nuclear fuel cycle.

Molten salt reactors (MSRs)

Molten Salt Reactors use a mixture of fluoride or chloride salts as both fuel solvent and coolant. They run at atmospheric pressure and high temperatures, typically 600–700 °C. Dissolving fuel directly into the salt removes the need for solid fuel assemblies and allows continuous online reprocessing to remove waste and add fissile material. These reactors operate at low pressure, feature strong negative temperature feedback, and do not require complex coolant pumps, reducing the chance of a loss-of-coolant accident. Developed at Oak Ridge in the 1950s, MSRs are still in experimental and prototype phases.

Small modular reactors (SMRs)

Small Modular Reactors usually produce up to 300 MWe and are built in factories for easier, faster deployment. They use proven designs like small versions of pressurized water reactors or newer concepts such as high-temperature gas or fast reactors. Standardized parts and simple safety systems reduce onsite construction time and costs. Their compact size lets them work on smaller grids or in remote areas. Many SMR designs include features that make them more resistant to earthquakes and can isolate seismic shocks. Because they are smaller and modular, utilities can add capacity in steps rather than all at once.

SMRs offer numerous safety benefits like:

 - Passive heat removal, i.e., heat is dissipated from the reactor without operator or control system actions

 - Below grade installation of the reactor pool and spent fuel storage for enhanced resistance to seismic events and improved security

 - Integrated and simplified design with reduced componentry to increase accident-free operation

 - Convection cooling in which vessel and componentry facilitate natural convection cooling of the core and vessel

 - Reduced on-site inventory and increased security

Economic benefits of SMRs include:

 - Modular design and factory fabrication - reduced capital costs & construction time, reduced financial risk and financing costs

 - Smaller core and smaller overall size - reduced footprint

 - Smaller power modules - increased flexibility to add capacity and increase grid compatibility

 - Carbon free power & ability to pair with renewables, such as wind and solar

 - Industrial applications for heat and / or process steam

 - Less refueling frequency

Micro Reactors

 - An unprecedented development trend emerged on very small SMRs called Micro reactors designed to generate electrical power of typically up to 10 MWe. The range of electrical output is between 1.5 to 5 MW(e), the adopted enrichment is between 4% up to 19.75%, with long fuel cycle between 36 months up to 20 years.

 - They are from different types of coolant, including HTGRs and designs that use heat pipes for heat transport.

 - Several designs are undertaking licensing activities in Canada and the United States for planned near-term deployment.

 - Microreactors serve future niche electricity and district heat markets in remote regions, mining, industries, and fisheries that for decades have been served by diesel power plants.

What is the difference between nuclear fission and nuclear fusion?

Nuclear fission is the splitting of a heavy atomic nucleus into two (or more) smaller nuclei. This is the process used in today’s nuclear power plants. For example, uranium-235, when struck by a neutron, will fission into lighter elements (like barium and krypton) and release energy along with a few neutrons. Those neutrons can induce fission in other uranium atoms, leading to a self-sustaining chain reaction. Fission of heavy elements releases a large amount of energy per reaction and produces radioactive waste - the fission fragments and used fuel remain highly radioactive and must be managed safely. All current commercial reactors utilize nuclear fission.

Nuclear fusion is the combination of two light atomic nuclei into a heavier nucleus. This is the process that powers the sun and stars: hydrogen nuclei fuse to form helium under extreme temperature and pressure, releasing enormous amounts of energy. Fusion has the potential to provide energy with very few long-lived radioactive byproducts – for instance, fusing isotopes of hydrogen (deuterium and tritium) produces helium and a neutron, and the main “waste” is non-radioactive helium gas. In principle fusion could deliver nearly limitless clean power because fuels are abundant, and emissions are minimal. However, fusion requires very extreme conditions (very high temperatures) to overcome the repulsive forces between nuclei.

Is nuclear energy renewable or non-renewable?

Is nuclear energy renewable? A resource is renewable if nature replenishes it quickly, as with sunlight or wind. Nuclear plants require uranium or other fissile material that is formed over geological time and exists in limited, economically recoverable deposits. Once mined and used, that uranium is gone within any practical human timeframe, so nuclear power falls outside the renewable category.

The non-renewable label does not mean supplies will run out soon. Uranium is extraordinarily energy-dense: a few tens of tons can run a one-gigawatt reactor for a year, whereas a coal plant would need millions of tons of fuel for the same output. Current proven reserves, combined with prospective deposits, could support present consumption for many decades. Technologies such as breeder reactors can convert abundant uranium-238 or thorium-232 into new fissile fuel, greatly extending the resource base.

Although non-renewable, nuclear power is firmly in the low-carbon camp. Fission reactions produce heat without combustion, so operational greenhouse-gas emissions are negligible. Across its life cycle like mining, plant construction, enrichment, and decommissioning nuclear’ s carbon footprint is comparable to wind and solar and far below fossil fuels. For that reason, many governments include nuclear energy in clean-energy portfolios.

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Nuclear energy is used across multiple industry sectors in the modern world

What are the various nuclear energy examples?

Nuclear energy offers versatile applications in power generation, healthcare, industry, research, and space exploration. From producing electricity to enabling medical diagnostics and supporting industrial processes, these examples demonstrate its impact.

Electricity generation

Nuclear reactors in 31 countries produce roughly 9–10 percent of global power. France relies on nuclear for 70 percent of its electricity, while Ukraine, Slovakia, and Hungary each get about half of their power from reactors. Fourteen countries generate at least one-quarter of their electricity from nuclear energy. In India, nuclear plants supply about 3 percent of electricity using both heavy-water and light-water reactors, with plans to add more reactors to meet growing demand.

Medicine and Healthcare

Nuclear medicine techniques make use of radiation emitted by radioisotopes. Detecting these emissions and transforming them into images is the basis of nuclear medicine techniques. Scientists have identified a number of chemicals that are absorbed by specific organs. With this knowledge, several radiopharmaceuticals have been developed. These are compounds that are tagged with radioisotopes for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes which are injected into the patient's body. Once a radiopharmaceutical enters the body, it is incorporated into natural biological processes and excreted normally.

Industry and Agriculture

In industry, nuclear techniques help inspect welds and castings through industrial radiography, detecting flaws in pipelines and aircraft parts. Radiation processing sterilizes cosmetics and food packaging and extends food shelf life by killing bacteria and pests. Radiation also alters materials. For example, creating heat-shrinkable plastics or improving semiconductor properties. In agriculture, food irradiation reduces microbial load, approved by the World Health Organization. Tracer studies use radioisotopes to track fertilizer uptake and water movement. Mutation breeding exposes seeds to radiation to develop higher-yield or disease-resistant varieties, such as improved mung bean and rice in India.

Research and scientific sdvancement

Approximately 220 research reactors operate in over 50 countries for science, training, and isotope production. These reactors generate intense neutron beams to study materials, fuels, and reactor components under radiation, guiding next-generation reactor designs. They produce specialized isotopes for medicine and industry, such as short-lived tracers. Research reactors also serve as training grounds for nuclear engineers and scientists, building expertise in reactor operation, radiation safety, and reactor physics. This infrastructure underpins innovation across nuclear science disciplines worldwide.

Space exploration

Nuclear energy powers deep-space missions through radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), which convert heat from plutonium-238 decay into electricity. RTGs have kept the Voyager probes running for over 45 years and currently power Mars rovers like Curiosity and Perseverance. Future plans include small fission reactors to supply power on the Moon and Mars for habitats, research stations, and life support. Concepts for nuclear thermal rockets aim to drastically reduce travel time to Mars by heating propellant with a compact reactor, enabling faster, more efficient missions beyond Earth orbit.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy?

Nuclear energy offers powerful benefits but also comes with important challenges. It can generate large amounts of non-fossil type electricity, yet it produces long-lasting radioactive waste. Balancing these pros and cons helps us understand its role in our energy mix.

 

Factors

Advantages

Low emissions

 

Nuclear plants emit almost no greenhouse gases while running. Over their entire life cycle, their carbon footprint per kilowatt-hour is about the same as wind and only one-third that of solar.

 

Reliability

Plants run day and night, typically above 90 % capacity factor, stabilizing grids with large shares of variable renewables.

Energy density

One kilogram of uranium holds about two million times more energy than one kilogram of coal, reducing mining, transport and land use

Predictable costs

Fuel is a small part of operating expenses, so electricity prices stay stable over time

Multiple uses

Heat for district heating and industry, radioisotopes for medicine, propulsion for naval vessels, and power sources for deep-space missions.

 

 

 

Disadvantages

Disadvantages

Mitigation efforts

Radioactive waste

Spent fuel first cools in on-site pools, then moves into dry casks; long-term strategies pursue deep geological repositories, while advanced fuel cycles recycle isotopes, decreasing overall enduring waste.

Accident risk

Catastrophic events are rare but serious; modern designs rely on passive safety features that remove heat without power or human action.

High capital cost

Gigawatt-scale nuclear plants require large upfront investment and long construction times; standardized designs, modular construction and small reactors seek to cut cost and schedule.

Proliferation concerns

International safeguards by the IAEA monitor civilian programs; new designs minimize production of weapons-usable material.

Public acceptance

Transparent regulation, clear waste strategies, and proven safety records are vital to maintain trust.

 

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Investment in nuclear technology is important to boost clean energy capacity

The role of nuclear energy in India

India has invested in nuclear technology, operating 25 reactors across seven sites and generating 3 percent of national electricity. Ambitious expansion plans, including indigenous and foreign-built units, aim to boost capacity, strengthen energy security, highlighting nuclear energy’s role in the country:

Current nuclear energy capacity

India has a long history with nuclear technology and is now pursuing ambitious plans to expand its nuclear energy capacity to meet growing demand and bolster energy security.  India currently operates 25 nuclear reactors at seven sites i.e. Tarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Narora, Kakrapar, Kaiga, and Kudankulam with a combined installed capacity of 8,880 MW, supplying roughly 3 percent of the nation’s electricity.

Most of these reactors are indigenously developed Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors (PHWRs) rated at 220 MWe or 540 MWe. Two 700 MWe PHWRs at Kakrapar and one similar unit at Rawatbhata have recently begun operation. India also runs a few Russian-designed VVER light-water reactors at Kudankulam. In 2023, these plants generated approximately 48.2 TWh, which is just 2 percent of the country’s total output of 1,958 TWh, indicating significant potential for growth.

Ongoing expansion of nuclear energy in India

To increase its share of nuclear power, India is actively building new reactors. Currently, eight reactors with a combined capacity of 6,600 MW are under construction. Notable projects include:

1. Three 700 MWe PHWRs under construction at Gorakhpur (Haryana) and units 8 at Rawatbhata (Rajasthan), part of a strategy to standardize the indigenous 700 MWe design.

2. Four 1,000 MWe VVER units (units 1 to 4) at Kudankulam, is being built in collaboration with Russia.

3. A 500 MWe Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor (PFBR) at Kalpakkam, Tamil Nadu. When completed, it will be one of the first commercial-scale breeder reactors globally, though its commissioning has faced delays.

Beyond these eight, ten additional PHWR totaling 7,000 MW are in advanced planning or pre-project stages. Additionally following LWR are planned.

1. Up to six European Pressurized Reactors (EPRs) at Jaitapur in Maharashtra, in cooperation with France.

2. Proposed six U.S. AP1000 reactors at Kovvada in Andhra Pradesh.

As per the current plan by GoI, more than tenfold increase in nuclear capacity up to 100 GWe by 2047 (the centenary of India’s independence) is envisaged. This goal is known as the “Nuclear Energy Mission for 2047.

Policy and three-stage nuclear energy program

India’s three-stage nuclear energy strategy, formulated by Dr. Homi Bhabha, aims to exploit vast thorium reserves to achieve long-term energy security.

1. Stage 1 – PHWRs (Pressurized Heavy Water Reactors) burning natural uranium to produce power and also generate plutonium-239 as a byproduct of spent fuel.

2. Stage 2 – Fast Breeder Reactors (FBRs) using the plutonium from Stage 1 as fuel (mixed with uranium), to breed more fissile material (from otherwise non-fissile uranium-238, and eventually from thorium). The PFBR under construction is part of this stage.

3. Stage 3 – Thorium-based Reactors (Advanced Heavy Water Reactors/AHWRs) - These reactors will use uranium-233, bred from thorium, to create a self-sustaining thorium fuel cycle. Although still at the research or pilot stage, this phase leverages India’s abundant monazite sands, which contain one of the world’s largest thorium reserves.

Government targets and policies on nuclear energy

On July 23, 2024, the Hon’ble Finance Minister Nirmala Sitharaman announced to bring out a policy document on appropriate energy transition pathways that balance the imperatives of employment, growth and environmental sustainability.

One of the various measures announced by the Hon’ble Finance Minister, include opening up the nuclear power sector for private investments to boost the share of atomic energy production to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2070. Atomic Energy act, Civil liability nuclear damage act and Foreign direct investment policy is likely to be amended to facilitate large growth in Nuclear Power sector allowing participation by Private companies.

Another measure announced by the Hon’ble Finance Minister, include partnering by Government of India with private sector for setting up Bharat Small Reactors (“BSRs:). 

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Nuclear energy could potentially offer abundant clean energy

What is the future of nuclear energy?

Improved waste management

The future of nuclear energy also rests on solving the nuclear waste issue. Encouragingly, progress is being made. Finland’s deep geological repositoryopens in a new tab (Onkalo) will be the first of its kind to start operation, setting a template for others. Sweden and France are not far behind with their own repositories. As these projects come online and demonstrate safe disposal, public confidence in waste solutions may improve.

Additionally, research continues into waste recycling and transmutation – advanced fuel cycles could reduce the volume and toxicity of waste by reprocessing spent fuel to extract usable materials (plutonium and uranium) and using fast reactors to burn some long-lived actinides. Countries like France, Russia, India, and Japan have reprocessing programs aimed at closing the fuel cycle. In the future, a closed fuel cycle with fast reactors could greatly diminish the long-term waste burden by using what is now considered waste as fuel. This would also extend fuel resources, making nuclear energy more sustainable.

Integration with renewables and grids

As more solar and wind energy is used to fight climate change, nuclear energy can step in to smooth out the ups and downs. New reactor designs like small modular reactors (SMRs) can ramp output up or down to match changing renewable supply. When electricity demand is low, nuclear plants could divert heat or power to produce hydrogen fuel, storing energy for later.

This hybrid approach could help cut carbon emissions beyond electricity by providing clean hydrogen for industry or transport. IAEA experts see nuclear and renewables working together to reach net-zeroopens in a new tab, with nuclear energy providing steady round-the-clock power while renewables supply most energy when the sun shines or wind blows. Some countriesopens in a new tab are already considering classifying nuclear energy as “green” for investment purposes.

Enhanced safety and public perception

The reactors of the future are being designed with a safety-by-design philosophy, incorporating lessons from past accidents. Many advanced reactors have passive safety features (like systems that rely on natural convection cooling, or fuels that cannot melt under accident conditions) that significantly reduce the risk of severe accidents. For example, some SMR designs claim that even in the worst case, they would not require evacuation zones because the radioactive release would be effectively nil.

If these safety promises hold true, the public may become more accepting of nuclear facilities even near population centers. Outreach and education will remain critical – the nuclear industry and governments will need to communicate how new reactors are safer and how waste will be handled responsibly. The future will likely see greater community engagement in nuclear projects and perhaps smaller, incremental deployments (as opposed to gigantic plants) that are easier for the public to digest.

Nuclear policy and collaboration

International collaboration is likely to grow in nuclear development. For instance, multinational projects like ITERopens in a new tab for fusion, or shared SMR projects among neighboring countries might become common. There’s also a trend of newcomer countries adopting nuclear energy with the help of established nuclear nations (so-called “Build-Own-Operate” models, like Russia building reactors in other countries and training local personnel).

Ensuring non-proliferation will remain a priority. The IAEA will continue to play a vital role in monitoring and assisting new nuclear nations in developing safe and secure programs. On the policy front, climate change concerns might lead to more pro-nuclear policies. Some countries that had earlier decided to phase out nuclear power are re-evaluating those decisions in light of energy security and climate goals.

Role in a sustainable future

By the mid-century, the world’s energy demand will likely have grown substantially, and simultaneously there will be a need to slash carbon emissions. Nuclear energy’s future role could be pivotal if it can overcome its current hurdles. Scenarios by organizations like the IEA and IPCC indicate that achieving global climate targetsopens in a new tab (like limiting warming to 1.5–2°C) is much harder without nuclear power in the mix.

Many projections see nuclear capacity having to expand (possibly double by 2050) to meet climate goals alongside renewables and energy efficiency. If breakthroughs like fusion occur, the energy paradigm could shift even further, potentially offering abundant clean energy in the latter half of the century.

Efforts in nuclear fusion research may continue to bear fruit, possibly making fusion energy a reality in the second half of the century. Governments and industry are actively working to ensure that nuclear energy can be a sustainable and acceptable part of the global energy portfolio, given its advantages in reliability and low emissions. While challenges remain, the trajectory points to nuclear energy evolving and adapting to play a key role in a clean and secure energy future.

Bottomline

In the end, the answer to what is nuclear energy can no longer sit in textbooks alone. We have read how nuclear energy is generated, why its advantages and disadvantages matter, and whether nuclear energy is a renewable or non-renewable type of energy. The verdict is clear. It may be labeled non-renewable, yet its tiny fuel footprint and near-zero emissions give it super-hero credentials in the climate fight as the atom lights the way. Paired with wind and sun, it builds a trio strong enough to power cities without smoke or guilt. The next step is ours. Let curiosity lead and actions follow into a safer, brighter and cleaner future.

Frequently asked questions

Sources

1.      Nuclear Energy

2.      Nuclear explained

3.      Nuclear Power in the World Today

4.      What is nuclear energy (and why is it considered a clean energy)?

5.      5 Fast Facts About Nuclear Energy

6.      What Is the Future of Fusion Energy?

7.      Nuclear Power

8.      India's power ministry sets out steps to faster nuclear energy expansion

9.      A new era for nuclear energy beckons as projects, policies and investments increase

10.  Nuclear Power in India

11.  Nuclear’s role in a clean energy future

12.  Nuclear Power in Union Budget 2025-26